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European Union (EU) climate/energy targets and policies are poised for the first full climate policy cycle - from adoption and implementation of the policy package for 2020, to reform for 2030. A dynamic approach to the ways in wh...
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European Union (EU) climate/energy targets and policies are poised for the first full climate policy cycle - from adoption and implementation of the policy package for 2020, to reform for 2030. A dynamic approach to the ways in which EU policies affect policy development is developed by applying theories of domestic implementation, policy feedback and integration. Implementation experiences in Poland - the least climate ambitious' EU member state - affected Polish preferences for reformed EU policies. Existing EU policies, their fit' with Poland's energy interests and change in anticipation of future EU policies explain much of the variation in preferences. Second, policy feedback from Poland significantly affected the EU 2030 climate and energy framework. As yet, the EU has succeeded only partly in gathering momentum through a snowball' effect whereby positive policy feedback from implementation generates further steps.
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Using the case of the USA Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), this paper contributes to theorizing regarding the factors that affect feedback dynamics of a disruptive technology. Focusing on design elements of the RFS and governance fe...
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Using the case of the USA Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), this paper contributes to theorizing regarding the factors that affect feedback dynamics of a disruptive technology. Focusing on design elements of the RFS and governance features related to its implementation, it demonstrates the resulting feedback effects on first-generation conventional biofuels and second-generation advanced biofuels. In terms of policy design, the analyses highlight the significance of the calibration of policy instruments and the incorporation of multiple policy goals into a single policy instrument. In terms of implementation procedures, the analyses affirm the significance to feedback dynamics of the regulatory capacity and discretionary authority of administrative agents as well as the influence of interest group coalitions in rulemaking. In the case of second-generation advanced biofuels, the case study also reveals the limits of policy-induced feedback in the presence of regulatory uncertainty and unfavorable financial conditions.
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Policies promoting the localisation of economic benefits are commonly deployed in support of energy transitions. However, localisation policies can face challenges in ensuring alignment with energy transition goals while adapting ...
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Policies promoting the localisation of economic benefits are commonly deployed in support of energy transitions. However, localisation policies can face challenges in ensuring alignment with energy transition goals while adapting to changes in the technological and market environment. We use the Australian Capital Territory's localisation policy, tied to a reverse auction feed-in tariff, as an exploratory case to examine a localisation policy that underwent repeated updates to adapt to changed conditions. We find the inclusion of a review requirement can support localisation policies remaining congruent with energy transition goals throughout updates. In doing so, we contribute to understanding of how energy transition policies can be deliberatively designed to accelerate the deployment of low carbon technologies.
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The study of research funding arrangements and the production of scientific knowledge has been marked by a lack of understanding about how research funding instruments interact and how these instruments shape policy-making and res...
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The study of research funding arrangements and the production of scientific knowledge has been marked by a lack of understanding about how research funding instruments interact and how these instruments shape policy-making and research fields. To fill this research gap, this study is theoretically supported by policy feedback and policy instruments' interaction studies. It investigates the effects of the UK's research assessment exercise in the creation of the most emblematic national thematic research program for the field of educational research in the country - the Teaching and Learning Research Programme (TLRP). Based on qualitative analysis of policy documents and semi-structured interviews with policy-makers and boundary-spanners, this paper shows how the research assessment exercise contributed to the creation of the TLRP and how the interaction between the two policy instruments shaped the field of educational research in England. In particular, the results show a) how the institutionalisation of the research assessment led to frame a "quality problem" in educational research that legitimated several policy initiatives, including the creation of the national thematic research programme (interpretative effects) and a shift in resources allocation (resource/incentive effects); and b) how the interaction between the two policy instruments contributed to methodological and epistemic drifts in the field of educational research.
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We consider linear control systems under uncertainties. For such systems we solve the problem of constructing worst-casefeedback control policies that are allowed to be corrected at m fixed intermediate time moments. We propose tw...
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We consider linear control systems under uncertainties. For such systems we solve the problem of constructing worst-casefeedback control policies that are allowed to be corrected at m fixed intermediate time moments. We propose two typesof the approximative control policies. All of them guarantee that for all admissible uncertainties the terminal system statelies in a prescribed neighborhood of a given state at a given final moment, and the value of the cost function does notexceed a given estimate. It is shown that computation of the estimate for each policy is equivalent to solving a correspondingconvex mathematical programming (MP) problem with m decision variables. Based on the solution of the MP problem, wederive simple explicit rules (which can be easily implemented on-line) for constructing the corresponding control policy inthe original control problem.
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Energy-feedback tools are commonly used to promote energy saving. In the UK, energy-feedback provision (currently via an in-home display) is part of the government-mandated roll-out of smart meters to all homes by 2020. A core ass...
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Energy-feedback tools are commonly used to promote energy saving. In the UK, energy-feedback provision (currently via an in-home display) is part of the government-mandated roll-out of smart meters to all homes by 2020. A core assumption underlying this widespread provision is that information, or evidence, can lead to positive changes in action. This is analogous to assumptions underlying the notion of evidence-based policy', and raises questions about how users, researchers and policy-makers go about using evidence when aiming for a successful' outcome. In addition, the policy feedback' research agenda has asked how policies alter the landscapes within which they operate by, for example, affecting relationships between actors. Via an in-depth review of Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) policy literature over 2010-16, the UK smart meter roll-out was analysed in terms of how its energy-feedback-focused measures may be deemed as successful'. Findings include the fact that direct energy savings played a smaller role than might be expected, and translation from one success measure to another was repeatedly observed. A key conclusion is that acting on feedback requires an assessment of success, but such assessment is highly contextual, for consumers and policy-makers alike. Ways to increase reflexivity in this area are discussed.
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Policy feedback is a widely used concept, but many who use it only focus on the positive and/or unintentional feedback effects of certain types of policy. The literature as a whole is therefore poorly equipped to make sense of the...
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Policy feedback is a widely used concept, but many who use it only focus on the positive and/or unintentional feedback effects of certain types of policy. The literature as a whole is therefore poorly equipped to make sense of the negative policy feedbacks that often appear in more regulatory areas such as climate change, where target groups are put under pressure to shoulder concentrated costs. Advocates of the 'new' policy design have an opportunity to address this gap by exploring how policy makers approach the design of policies that intentionally generate positive policy feedbacks and/or are resilient to negative ones. This paper contributes to that effort by identifying the conditions under which specific instrument designs are likely to have opportunity enhancing and/or constraining effects. It relates these expectations to a design situation where positive feedback seemed unlikely, and hence, the challenge of designing locked-in policies was correspondingly greater. It concludes by drawing on the findings of this exploratory case to investigate what the 'new' policy design can do better to explicate the temporal aspects of design.
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The policy feedback literature was initially concerned with explaining how positive feedback could lead to self-reinforcing policy trajectories. More recently, policy scholars have devoted more attention to negative feedbacks whic...
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The policy feedback literature was initially concerned with explaining how positive feedback could lead to self-reinforcing policy trajectories. More recently, policy scholars have devoted more attention to negative feedbacks which can result in self-undermining policy trajectories. This article moves beyond these two well-known pathways to policy endurance and change by conceptually outlining two additional pathways to endurance and change. We argue that positive and negative feedback may be observed simultaneously within the same policy trajectory. The existing literature fails to distinguish adequately between policy feedback processes operating at the ideational and instrument levels of policy. We outline a pathway to endurance in which negative feedbacks at the policy instrument level result in instrument change which can be a necessary condition for sustained positive feedback processes at the ideational level of policy. Somewhat counterintuitively, we argue a policy pathway in which positive instrument feedbacks undermine the ideational foundation of policy. With positive instrument feedback overshadowing negative feedbacks, misalignment between policy and the broader context, eventually undermining the policy, is likely to occur at some point. These new insights are important for policy planning with longer time horizons.
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Both Canada and the US have mandated biofuels' use in transport fuel. However, while Canadian biofuel mandates have been largely uncontroversial, US biofuels mandates have been subject to considerable controversy. To explain this ...
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Both Canada and the US have mandated biofuels' use in transport fuel. However, while Canadian biofuel mandates have been largely uncontroversial, US biofuels mandates have been subject to considerable controversy. To explain this cross-national difference, the article examines media coverage of advanced biofuels in American and Canadian newspapers over 2010-2016 and developments with respect to the implementation of advanced biofuel mandates. It finds that while the two countries share commonalities in media frames of advanced biofuels, the overall tone of coverage in the US is much more negative than in Canada. The negative and positive media coverage parallel policy developments in the two countries, suggesting their interactive effects in stabilizing or destabilizing biofuel policies.
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This article proposes rethinking democratic conflict management by acknowledging the increasingly important role policy plays in it. As the debate on the health of democracy intensifies, research on how democracies manage and abso...
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This article proposes rethinking democratic conflict management by acknowledging the increasingly important role policy plays in it. As the debate on the health of democracy intensifies, research on how democracies manage and absorb political and societal conflicts becomes broadly relevant. Existing theories and perspectives view conflict management through the lens of elections and other institutional mechanisms, or they examine the social and economic preconditions for successful conflict management while inadequately understanding how policies contribute to conflict management. The article develops a theoretical framework that allows for the analysis of how policies' material and interpretive effects influence societal conflicts and thereby strengthen (or weaken) democracy. While the article focuses on hypothesis-generation rather than hypothesis-testing, it draws on a large variety of policy and case examples to corroborate and illustrate the theoretical expectations embodied in the framework. Insights into policy's role in democratic conflict management expand our understanding of the challenges to democracy in the twenty-first century and create new possibilities for comparative, policy-focused research into what makes democracy work.
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